In the realm of Japanese crafts, there are many artisans who have inherited a long history and tradition, possessing exceptional skills. Among them, those with particularly outstanding techniques who contribute to the preservation of Japan’s traditional culture are recognized as “Living National Treasures.”
This article introduces Living National Treasures in Japanese crafts by field. We will explain in detail the representative works and characteristics of each artisan, conveying the appeal and depth of traditional crafts.
What is a Living National Treasure?
A Living National Treasure, officially called a “Holder of Important Intangible Cultural Property,” refers to individuals or groups that highly embody Japan’s traditional culture and craft techniques. Intangible cultural properties are not tangible objects, but rather human “skills” such as performing arts, music, and craft techniques.
Based on the Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties, the Japanese government designates those intangible cultural properties with high historical and artistic value as Important Intangible Cultural Properties, and recognizes their holders as Holders of Important Intangible Cultural Properties. These holders are commonly referred to as “Living National Treasures.”
Reference: Intangible Cultural Properties | Agency for Cultural Affairs, Government of Japan
Relationship Between Important Intangible Cultural Properties and Living National Treasures
Important Intangible Cultural Properties are designated based on the Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties, and individuals or groups possessing these “skills” are recognized as holders. In this system, individuals or groups hold intangible cultural properties and are responsible for passing on and preserving these techniques.
There are three types of recognition methods for holders of Important Intangible Cultural Properties:
Individual Recognition
This is when an individual possesses high-level skills and can embody an Important Intangible Cultural Property. Generally, individuals recognized in this way are called “Living National Treasures.”
Comprehensive Recognition
This is when two or more individuals collectively hold techniques or performing arts, and the members of that group are comprehensively recognized.
Preservation Group Recognition
This recognition is given to groups that constitute “skills” held by many people where individual characteristics are less prominent. This recognition began with the law revision in 1975, and examples include the Wajima Lacquer Technique Preservation Society and the Honba Yuki-tsumugi Preservation Society.
Recognized Living National Treasures receive a special grant from the Japanese government (2 million yen annually) to support the passing down of their skills to future generations.
The Role of Living National Treasures in Craft Techniques
In the field of craft techniques, Living National Treasures are recognized as craftspeople who possess traditional craft techniques in areas such as ceramics, lacquerware, metalwork, textiles, and wood and bamboo crafts. These techniques not only pass on “methods of creation” but also play an important role in transmitting aesthetic sensibilities and material handling methods rooted in a long history and culture.
Living National Treasures not only demonstrate advanced techniques in their production activities but also engage in training apprentices and passing on techniques, striving to preserve culture. In the field of craft techniques, not only “individual recognition” but also “preservation group recognition” is carried out, emphasizing the importance of technical transmission as a collective as well as individual craftsmanship.
For example, preservation societies for traditional crafts and regional workshops are recognized as preservation groups, and through their activities, Japan’s traditional craft techniques are protected. The existence of these Living National Treasures is essential in maintaining the high quality of Japanese craft techniques, spreading their value worldwide, and passing on these techniques to the next generation.
Living National Treasures in Ceramics
In the field of ceramics, many craftspeople who have inherited Japan’s traditional techniques and demonstrated unique creativity have been recognized as Living National Treasures. Kato Takuo and Imaizumi Imaemon XIV are representative figures.
Kato Takuo
Kato Takuo (1917-2005) is known as a ceramic artist who revived the tri-color (sancai) technique in the ceramics field. He became interested in ancient Persian pottery and devoted himself to researching its glazes.
In 1973, he studied at the Institute of Asian Studies in Iran, actively participating in the research and excavation of Persian ceramics. Utilizing these experiences, he incorporated new expressions into traditional Japanese ceramics, particularly succeeding in recreating the Shosoin tri-color, and was even commissioned by the Imperial Household Agency to create pieces, demonstrating his high level of technical skill.
He was recognized as an Important Intangible Cultural Property holder in Gifu Prefecture in 1983, and in 1995, he was selected as a holder of the nationally designated Important Intangible Cultural Property “Sancai” (Living National Treasure). Kato Takuo’s works beautifully recreate the unique colors and designs of Persian pottery, fusing tradition and innovation.
Representative Works by Kato Takuo
- Blue Glazed Square Vessel with Grass and Flower Patterns
- Luster Glazed Square Water Container with Poppy Patterns
- Tri-color Square Bowl “Ruri-ko”
Kato Takuo’s representative works often incorporate elements of Persian pottery while fusing traditional Japanese aesthetics, and his techniques and aesthetic sense continue to be passed down.
Imaizumi Imaemon XIV
Imaizumi Imaemon is a lineage of ceramic artists continuing from the Edo period, inheriting the tradition of “Iro-Nabeshima.” The Imaizumi Imaemon family was the official kiln of the Nabeshima clan, and the “Iro-Nabeshima” technique has been passed down as a secret treasure from one generation to the next. Imaizumi Imaemon XIV faithfully preserves this tradition while continuously exploring new methods of expression.
Imaizumi Imaemon XIV has established his own techniques in the field of overglaze enamel porcelain, particularly known for delicate colors and elegant designs. He creates unique expressions using techniques such as “sumi-hajiki” and “fuki-sumi.” In 2014, he was recognized as a holder of the Important Intangible Cultural Property “Iro-e Jiki” (Living National Treasure).
Representative Works by Imaizumi Imaemon XIV
- Iro-e Usuzumi Sumi-hajiki Hydrangea Pattern Plate
- Iro-e Yukihana Sumi-iro Sumi-hajiki Camellia Pattern Sake Cup
- Iro-e Fuki-sumi Sumi-hajiki Bush Clover Pattern Sake Cup
Imaizumi Imaemon XIV’s works have been exhibited at domestic and international exhibitions, and he has even collaborated with the French crystal brand Baccarat. He plays an important role in the Japan Kogei Association and the Japan Ceramic Society, and also dedicates efforts to nurturing the next generation and promoting traditional techniques.
Living National Treasures in Textiles
Japanese textile techniques are highly valued both domestically and internationally for their works that reflect the beauty of nature and the charm of traditional techniques. Here, we introduce Fukumi Shimura and Takeshi Kitamura, who have been recognized as Living National Treasures in the textile field.
Fukumi Shimura
Fukumi Shimura is a textile artist known for her technique of tsumugi weaving using plant-based dyes. She uses natural dyes extracted from wild plants and trees to dye threads taken from cocoons, creating beautiful color combinations, and hand-weaving these threads into kimono and tapestries.
With her unique philosophy of “receiving colors from plants,” she views plant dyeing not just as a technique but as an expression of the coexistence between nature and humans. Colors born from nature change their texture and deepen over time, so many of Fukumi Shimura’s works give the impression that “colors are alive.”
Representative Works by Fukumi Shimura
- Moonrise
- Shitomido
- Autumn Haze
Takeshi Kitamura
Takeshi Kitamura is a textile artist who creates unique, delicate works using the “tatenigiki” (vertical weaving) technique. Tatenigiki is an advanced technique that expresses patterns by skillfully manipulating the warp threads and weaving in the weft threads.
Kitamura’s works are characterized by the three-dimensional feel and luster unique to tatenigiki, showing different expressions depending on the viewing angle. He weaves not only traditional patterns but also designs that evoke natural landscapes and seasonal feelings, pursuing artistry beyond the conventional framework of weaving. He was recognized as a Living National Treasure in 2000.
Representative Works by Takeshi Kitamura
- Josei-mon Tatenigiki
- Blue-green Transparent Ra “Fence Lattice”
- Tatenigiki Obi “Parallel Three-diamond Pattern”
Living National Treasures in Lacquerware
In the field of lacquerware, many Living National Treasures create works that fuse traditional Japanese techniques with modern aesthetics. Among them, Kazumi Murose, who excels in maki-e techniques, and Munetatsu Nakamura, known for producing lacquerware centered on tea utensils, are representative figures who widely convey the charm of lacquerware.
Kazumi Murose
Kazumi Murose is a lacquer artist with exceptional skills in the field of maki-e. Murose specializes in a technique called “togidashi maki-e,” where after drawing patterns on lacquer, gold and silver powder or colored dry lacquer powder is sprinkled before it hardens, and then lacquer is applied again.
The process of sanding and polishing to bring out the patterns is repeated, creating a sense of depth and three-dimensionality. Using these techniques, Murose has moved beyond the traditional flat finish of maki-e, creating works that incorporate modern sensibilities. In 2008, he was recognized as a Living National Treasure (holder of the Important Intangible Cultural Property “Maki-e” technique).
Representative Works by Kazumi Murose
- Maki-e Raden Candy Box “Autumn Fruits” (Squirrel)
- Maki-e Raden Candy Box “Autumn Fruits” (Bird)
- Maki-e Round Box “Hundred Flowers”
Kazuo Yamagishi
Kazuo Yamagishi is a lacquer artist from Wajima City, Ishikawa Prefecture, recognized as a Living National Treasure in 2018 for his “chinkin” (gold inlay) technique. His works are characterized by the chinkin technique, which involves carving patterns onto the lacquer surface and rubbing gold powder or colored lacquer into the carved grooves.
Chinkin is said to have been transmitted from China’s Song Dynasty and began in Japan during the Muromachi period. This technique, which particularly developed in Wajima lacquerware, has become indispensable for creating intricate decorations.
His works, which boldly and abstractly express the nature and landscapes of Hokuriku, are highly valued for their modern sensibility.
Representative Works by Kazuo Yamagishi
- Lacquer Inlay Box “Magaki Late Autumn”
- Lacquer Inlay “Pure Flower” Box
- Lacquer Inlay Naka-tsugi “Magaki Late Melancholy”
Living National Treasures in Metalwork
In the world of metalwork, craftsmen who have preserved the techniques of Japanese swords and fine metalwork while creating unique pieces have been recognized as Living National Treasures. Here, we introduce Teiji Takahashi (real name: Kinichi Takahashi) and Minekichi Okuyama, who are particularly representative figures in metalwork crafts.
Teiji Takahashi
Teiji Takahashi is a leading figure in Japanese sword forging and was the first sword smith to be recognized as a Living National Treasure in 1955. He continuously studied the styles of ancient swords and mastered the “choji-ha” blade pattern in the Bizen tradition. Takahashi’s works are characterized by the visible choji blade pattern, giving them a unique texture that reflects the master’s skill.
During the difficult post-war period, when the manufacture of Japanese swords was prohibited under the Allied occupation, many sword smiths lost their skills. However, Takahashi preserved the tradition and continued to challenge sword making. When the permit system for Japanese sword manufacturing was revived, Takahashi’s techniques gained attention again. He received the honor of forging a treasured sword for Ise Shrine, and his name became widely known.
Representative Works by Teiji Takahashi
- Sword inscribed “Forged by Seitan Ryuoji Minamoto no Teiji, owned by Suehiro Toshio during the Greater East Asia Holy War, August 19, Showa Era”
- Short Sword inscribed “Ryusen Nyudo Teiji” (with seal)
- Short Sword inscribed “Japan Important Intangible Cultural Property Ryusen Teiji Carved and Made” (with seal)
Minekichi Okuyama
Minekichi Okuyama is a metal craftsman who was recognized as a Living National Treasure (holder of the Important Intangible Cultural Property “Metal Hammering”) in 1995. Many of Okuyama’s works utilize metal hammering techniques such as “uchikomi-zogan” (hammered inlay) and “kirikomi-zogan” (cut inlay). His works using “oboro-gin” (a type of silver that is difficult to forge) are particularly notable and are housed in national art museums.
Okuyama’s works, created with his exceptional metal hammering techniques and unique sense of form, express patterns inspired by nature through cut inlay and hammered inlay techniques, establishing a contemporary style. His works such as “Hammered Inlay Flower Vase ‘Tulip 2′” and “Red Copper Five-Ring Pattern Bowl” are highly acclaimed for their designs that fuse the beauty of nature with traditional techniques.
Representative Works by Minekichi Okuyama
- Joined Brass Bowl
- Cut Inlay Flower Vase “Spring Haze”
- Hammered Inlay Flower Vase “Waiting for Spring-2”
Living National Treasures in Wood and Bamboo Crafts
In the field of wood and bamboo crafts, craftsmen with exceptional skills in bamboo crafts and woodworking have been recognized as Living National Treasures, passing on Japanese traditions to the modern era. Here, we introduce Shokansai Iizuka as a leading figure in bamboo crafts and Ryozo Kawakita as a representative figure in woodworking.
Shokansai Iizuka
Shokansai Iizuka is a bamboo craftsman from Beppu City, Oita Prefecture, who was the first to be recognized as a Living National Treasure in the field of bamboo crafts in 1967. Iizuka’s works maximize the beauty of bamboo, characterized by unique expressions that utilize weaving methods and material properties.
His works, which incorporate the flexibility and strength of bamboo, exhibit meticulous craftsmanship based on traditional techniques. Particularly in his early works, he incorporated Chinese-style designs while enhancing the techniques of traditional bamboo crafts.
Iizuka’s activities have spread the value of bamboo crafts not only in Japan but also overseas, making a significant contribution in elevating bamboo crafts to the realm of art.
Representative Works by Shokansai Iizuka
- Shinozu Bamboo Square Ajiro-ami Document Box
- Purple Bamboo Flower Basket
- Purple Bamboo Hanging Flower Basket
Ryozo Kawakita
Ryozo Kawakita is a woodworking craftsman active in Yamanaka Onsen, Ishikawa Prefecture, who was recognized as a Living National Treasure (holder of the Important Intangible Cultural Property “Woodworking”) in 1994. Kawakita’s works are characterized by maximizing the natural beauty of wood.
He uses various types of wood such as zelkova, cork, and black persimmon, creating simple yet elegant designs that make the most of the wood grain and color. At the Kawakita workshop, three generations including his eldest son Hirohiko and grandson Hirotsugu continue to inherit woodworking techniques, creating wood crafts that preserve tradition while adapting to modern lifestyles. Their continuous challenge is highly valued both in Japan and abroad.
Representative Works by Ryozo Kawakita
- Jindai Zelkova Sake Cup
- Sen Wood Plum Pattern Inlaid Serving Dish
- Zelkova Silver Wire Inlaid Tray
Living National Treasures in Doll Making
Japanese doll making has developed while being deeply intertwined with various traditions and cultures since ancient times. Doll makers recognized as Living National Treasures are highly valued as artists, transcending the concept of dolls as mere toys.
Here, we explain about Goyo Hirata II and Komao Hayashi, who are particularly famous Living National Treasures in doll making.
Goyo Hirata II
Goyo Hirata II was the first doll maker to be recognized as a Living National Treasure in Japan in 1955. His early works focused on realistic “iki-ningyo” (lifelike dolls) and “sekku-ningyo” (seasonal festival dolls), highly valued for their meticulous and realistic human body sculptures.
Later, he shifted from making lifelike dolls to creative dolls, and his style evolved into “costume dolls” that reflected more spirituality. One of his representative works, “Momotaro,” was created as a seasonal festival doll, featuring a unique sculpture where the head and hair are integrated.
Goyo Hirata II’s works incorporate Japanese traditional events and people’s lives, and their artistry is widely recognized as works of art. They are regularly exhibited at places like the Tokyo National Museum, captivating visitors with their meticulously crafted techniques and expressiveness down to the finest details.
Representative Works by Goyo Hirata II
- Snow at Sawabe
- Fragrance
- Lipstick
Komao Hayashi
Komao Hayashi is a doll maker from Kyoto City who was recognized as a Living National Treasure (holder of the Important Intangible Cultural Property “Toso Dolls”) in 2002. Hayashi’s works reflect deep knowledge of classical literature and Japanese traditional culture, characterized by delicate and elegant sculptural beauty.
Even today, he continues to pursue new expressions while inheriting traditional techniques. His achievements have been highly valued, receiving the Purple Ribbon Medal in 2004 and the Order of the Rising Sun, Gold Rays with Rosette in 2009.
Representative Works by Komao Hayashi
- Wood Core Toso Paper-covered “Lion Cub”
- “Sakon’s Cherry Blossom” Wood Core Toso Paper-covered
- Wood Core Toso Wood Inlay “Western Regions Lucky Boy”
Conclusion: The Appeal and Value of Living National Treasures in the Craft Field
Living National Treasures in the craft field play an important role in mastering Japanese traditional techniques and passing them on to the next generation. In various craft fields such as ceramics, lacquerware, textiles, wood and bamboo crafts, and doll making, Living National Treasures pursue unique expressions while rooted in tradition, and their works reflect the beauty of history, culture, and nature.
Moreover, the activities of craftspeople recognized as Living National Treasures contribute not only to the preservation of traditional techniques but also to the development of contemporary arts and crafts. Their works convey Japan’s cultural value to the world and make us rediscover the depth and beauty of traditional crafts.
The appeal of Living National Treasures lies in their attitude of connecting the “skills” cultivated through a long history to the next generation while fusing tradition and innovation. Their existence can be said to be indispensable to Japanese culture.
