Echizen Washi is one of Japan’s most prestigious handmade papers, crafted for over 1500 years in Echizen City, Fukui Prefecture. Known for its exceptional quality and beauty, it was historically presented as tribute to the imperial court and shogunate, and today is cherished for diverse applications including fine art, luxury stationery, and interior design.
This article introduces the origins and historical background of Echizen Washi, the skilled craftsmanship behind its production methods, and its contemporary applications. Please take your time to discover the timeless appeal of Echizen Washi.
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What is Echizen Washi? The Allure of Handmade Paper Recognized Worldwide
Echizen Washi is one of Japan’s oldest handmade papers, preserved for over 1500 years in Echizen City, Fukui Prefecture. Prized for its beauty and durability, it is beloved by artists and designers worldwide and used for a wide range of purposes including calligraphy, printmaking, and interior design.
Here, we will explain in detail the definition and characteristics of Echizen Washi, its diverse applications, and why artists from around the world are captivated by it.
Main Characteristics and Production Region of Echizen Washi
Echizen Washi is produced primarily in the Imatate district of Echizen City, Fukui Prefecture, and is counted among Japan’s three major traditional papers. Its origins date back approximately 1500 years, with legends telling how the paper deity “Kawakami Gozen” taught papermaking techniques to villagers.
The distinctive features of Echizen Washi include its use of plant fibers such as kozo (paper mulberry), mitsumata (Oriental paperbush), and gampi as raw materials. Being handmade, it possesses both strength and a soft texture. Its elegant natural cream color and excellent preservation qualities are also highly valued.
With varieties suitable for calligraphy paper, fusuma (sliding door) paper, and printmaking paper, it boasts such diversity that it’s said, “There is no type of paper that cannot be found in the Echizen Washi region.”
Used for Various Purposes from Calligraphy and Printmaking to Interior Design
Echizen Washi is utilized across many fields due to its high quality and versatility. In calligraphy, it is favored for how beautifully it captures brush movements and ink absorption. In printmaking, its durability and superior ink absorption properties make it treasured by artists both domestic and international for creating their works.
It is also suitable for interior design elements such as fusuma paper, shoji paper, and wallpaper, incorporated not only in Japanese-style rooms but also as accents in Western interiors. Furthermore, it is used for stationery like business cards, writing paper, and envelopes, as well as packaging materials like wrapping paper and sake labels, drawing attention as a material that creates a distinctly Japanese aesthetic.
Why International Artists Love Echizen Washi
Echizen Washi is highly regarded by international artists and designers for its quality and beauty. For example, there is an anecdote that the painter Picasso ordered Echizen Hosho paper, and Japanese painters such as Taikan Yokoyama and Ikuo Hirayama were also devoted users of Echizen Washi.
In recent years, efforts have been made to have international artists stay at the “International Woodblock Print Lab” in Echizen City, creating works while interacting with local craftspeople. Additionally, Echizen Washi has been incorporated into display and interior designs of high-end European brands due to its unique texture and excellent processability, demonstrating its reevaluation around the world.
While maintaining its long history and tradition, Echizen Washi continues to evolve to meet contemporary needs. Its high quality, diverse applications, and support from artists both domestic and international prove that Echizen Washi is a traditional Japanese craft to be proud of on the world stage.
The History and Cultural Background of Echizen Washi
The origin and development of Echizen Washi are deeply connected to mythology, imperial court culture, and international recognition. Below, we explain the history and cultural background of Echizen Washi in detail.
From the Legend of Emperor Keitai to the Worship of Paper Deity “Kawakami Gozen”
The origins of Echizen Washi date back approximately 1500 years to when Emperor Keitai (then Prince Odo) governed the Echizen region. According to legend, a beautiful woman appeared upstream of the Okata River and taught the villagers papermaking techniques.
She called herself “one who lives upstream” and disappeared, so the villagers enshrined her as “Kawakami Gozen,” the deity of paper. This tradition has been preserved at Okata Shrine and Otaki Shrine, and remains an object of worship for papermaking craftspeople today.
Imperial Court Culture and the Prosperity of Echizen Hosho
During the Nara period, Echizen Washi was valued for sutra copying, and in the Heian period, it was widely used for waka poetry and official documents. Particularly, the thick kozo paper called “Echizen Hosho” was highly regarded as paper for official documents of the shogunate and various domains during the Edo period, and was celebrated as the finest quality in Japan.
Even after the Meiji era, with the revival of ukiyo-e and other art forms, demand for Echizen Hosho continued, and its advanced production techniques continue to be passed down today.
As Part of UNESCO’s Intangible Cultural Heritage “Washi Techniques”
In 2014, “Washi: Traditional Japanese Handmade Paper Techniques” was registered as a UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage, with Echizen Washi included in this designation. In particular, “Echizen Torinoko Paper,” made from gampi fibers and characterized by its smoothness, luster, resistance to insect damage, and excellent durability, received additional registration.
Thus, Echizen Washi’s high quality and traditional techniques are internationally recognized, positioning it as a Japanese cultural heritage to be proud of globally. The history and culture of Echizen Washi have been continuously passed down through mythology, imperial court culture, and international recognition. Understanding this background allows for a deeper appreciation of the appeal of Echizen Washi.
What Are the Raw Materials and Traditional Production Methods of Echizen Washi?
The charm of Echizen Washi lies in its high-quality materials and traditional production methods. Below, we will explain in detail the main raw materials used in Echizen Washi, their characteristics, and the manufacturing process.
Kozo, Mitsumata, and Gampi — Characteristics and Selection of Different Fibers
The main raw materials for Echizen Washi are kozo (paper mulberry), mitsumata (Oriental paperbush), and gampi. Kozo is a plant in the Moraceae family with thick, long fibers suitable for making strong paper. It can be harvested annually and is used for a wide range of purposes including calligraphy paper and craft paper.
Mitsumata is a plant in the Thymelaeaceae family with soft, lustrous fibers that excel in printability, making it ideal for banknotes and fusuma paper. It is harvested every three years and is mainly cultivated in mountainous areas of Shikoku and the Chugoku region.
Gampi is also a plant in the Thymelaeaceae family, with fine fibers suitable for making glossy paper. As it is difficult to cultivate, wild gampi is primarily used, especially for high-grade washi such as Echizen Torinoko paper.
The selection of these materials is based on the intended use and desired characteristics of the paper. For example, gampi is chosen for documents requiring preservation, while kozo is selected for wrapping paper that needs strength.
Neri and Winter Bleaching Create Strength and Whiteness
Essential to the production of Echizen Washi are the processes of “neri” and “winter bleaching.” Neri refers to mucilage extracted from the roots of the tororo-aoi plant (sunset hibiscus). Adding this to the vat water helps distribute fibers evenly, enhancing the paper’s strength and consistency.
Winter bleaching involves exposing the raw materials to cold water in winter to remove unwanted components, enhancing the paper’s whiteness and cleanliness. This process is crucial for maintaining the beauty and quality of the paper and requires the craftsperson’s experience and skill.
Through these processes, Echizen Washi achieves its distinctive texture and high quality. While preserving traditional methods, innovations are incorporated throughout to meet contemporary needs.
The Process of Sheet Formation, Drying, and Finishing
The production of Echizen Washi begins with preparing the raw materials, followed by sheet formation, drying, and finishing processes. During sheet formation, craftspeople use a papermaking screen to spread fibers evenly, adjusting the thickness and texture of the paper.
For drying, the paper is typically attached to boards and air-dried naturally, which maintains the paper’s smoothness and strength. In the finishing process, the paper’s surface is polished or processed as needed to enhance its final quality as a product.
Each of these processes requires skilled techniques and experience from craftspeople, forming essential elements that support the high quality and beauty of Echizen Washi. While preserving tradition, production continues to adapt to contemporary needs.
Important Points to Consider Before Purchasing Echizen Washi
Echizen Washi is highly regarded among traditional Japanese handmade papers for its quality and beauty. When considering a purchase, paying attention to the following points will help you select a reliable product.
Purchase from Established Workshops or Trusted Direct Sales Sites
When purchasing Echizen Washi, it is recommended to use established workshops with a long history or trusted direct sales sites. These sellers maintain thorough quality control, allowing for peace of mind with your purchase.
Some workshops also offer tours and experiences of the manufacturing process, providing deeper insight into the appeal of Echizen Washi.
Understand the General Price Range
The price of Echizen Washi varies depending on the raw materials used, production method, size, and design. Generally, high-quality handmade paper tends to be expensive, but offers superior durability and beauty in return.
By understanding the price range according to your intended use and budget before purchasing, you can make a satisfying product selection. Echizen Washi is cherished for various uses such as calligraphy, painting, and interior design due to its quality and beauty. Enjoy the charm of Echizen Washi by understanding the correct knowledge and precautions.
Maintenance Points for Long-term Preservation of Echizen Washi
Echizen Washi is known for its beauty and durability as a traditional Japanese craft. However, proper maintenance is essential for long-term preservation. Below, we explain in detail the key points for keeping Echizen Washi beautiful for a long time.
Temperature and Humidity Control, Insect and Mold Prevention
Temperature and humidity management is crucial for preserving Echizen Washi. The ideal storage environment is around 20°C (68°F) with 50-60% humidity. This prevents paper deterioration and mold growth. Natural insect repellents and dehumidifiers are also effective for insect and mold prevention.
For example, there are washi insect-repellent sheets made with turmeric or dehumidifying sheets using bincho charcoal. Placing these in storage boxes or storage areas can protect Echizen Washi from insects and moisture.
Specialized Techniques Required for Stain Removal and Serious Repairs
When stains or dirt appear on Echizen Washi, specialized techniques are required. For example, one method for removing stains from washi uses ethanol with a special table called a suction table, washing away dirt by passing water through from the back and then extracting the water from the back.
Additionally, holes in washi can be filled using a technique called “sukibame,” where dissolved washi is used to fill the holes. Since these techniques are performed by specialized restoration experts or workshops, it is recommended to consult professionals if valuable Echizen Washi becomes damaged.
Packaging and UV Protection for Transportation and Display
When transporting or displaying Echizen Washi, proper packaging and ultraviolet protection are necessary. For packaging, use protective paper or neutral paper specifically designed for washi, taking care to prevent folding or rubbing. When displaying, it is recommended to use lighting with ultraviolet cut filters and keep illumination between 50-100 lux.
This prevents fading and deterioration of the washi. Furthermore, limiting the display period and allowing it to rest periodically will help maintain the beauty of Echizen Washi for a long time.
Echizen Washi is a valuable cultural asset combining delicate beauty and durability. By implementing proper maintenance and preservation methods, its charm can be passed on to future generations.
Experience the Paper Village in Echizen, Fukui!
Echizen City in Fukui Prefecture is known as a production region of Echizen Washi with a 1500-year history. This area offers various experiences where you can connect with the tradition and culture of washi. Below, we introduce highlights and experience spots for visiting the village of Echizen Washi.
Highlights of the Echizen Washi Village and Paper Culture Museum
The “Paper Culture Museum” is a facility where you can learn about the history and techniques of Echizen Washi. Inside the museum, the origins and manufacturing process of Echizen Washi are clearly explained through videos and panels. There are also corners where you can observe washi fibers and touch various types of washi, allowing you to experience the charm of washi with all five senses. Additionally, important cultural properties such as Echizen Washi production tools and products are displayed, providing deep insight into the appeal of washi and its production region.
Papermaking Experience Workshops and Interaction with Craftspeople
In the Echizen Washi village, workshops are held where you can experience handmade paper making. For example, at Yanase Washi workshop, you can experience the Echizen Washi technique of “hikkake” (scooping) and create “washi art boards.” Through these experiences, you can appreciate the unique texture and beauty of Echizen Washi. Additionally, through interactions with craftspeople, you can directly sense the depth and charm of papermaking.
Craft Tourism Combined with Echizen Lacquerware and Cutlery
In Echizen City, not only Echizen Washi but also traditional crafts such as Echizen lacquerware and Echizen forged cutlery flourish. Craft tourism exploring these crafts is gaining attention. For example, at an event called “RENEW,” workshops and companies from seven production areas—Echizen lacquerware, Echizen Washi, Echizen forged cutlery, Echizen tansu (chests), Echizen pottery, eyeglasses, and textiles—are opened to the public simultaneously. Through tours and workshops, the general public can learn about the makers’ thoughts and backgrounds, experience the techniques, and enjoy purchasing products.
By visiting Echizen City, you can learn about the history and techniques of washi and experience them firsthand. You can also encounter other traditional crafts and feel the charm of the entire region. Please visit the village of Echizen Washi to experience Japanese traditional culture.
RENEW 2025 Event Information
Event Dates: October 10 (Fri) – October 12 (Sun), 2025
Location: Throughout Sabae City, Echizen City, and Echizen Town, Fukui Prefecture
*The event may be postponed or canceled depending on circumstances.
[Planning & Management] General Incorporated Association SOE
Official Website: https://renew-fukui.com/
Summary
Echizen Washi, with its proud 1500-year history as Japan’s oldest handmade paper, is highly regarded both domestically and internationally. Its appeal lies in the selection of quality raw materials such as kozo, mitsumata, and gampi, along with traditional production methods showcasing skilled craftsmanship. Used across various applications including calligraphy, printmaking, and interior design, it is registered as a UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage, demonstrating its significant cultural value as a craft.
When purchasing, it’s important to check for brand certification and proper distribution channels, selecting from trusted workshops or stores. For long-term preservation, managing temperature and humidity, preventing insects and mold, and protection from ultraviolet light are essential. Professional techniques are available for stain removal and repair of damage, enabling precious washi to be passed down to future generations.
Visiting Echizen City offers unique experiences such as the Paper Culture Museum and papermaking workshops that can only be enjoyed locally. The area also features rich craft tourism opportunities combining Echizen lacquerware and cutlery, making it an ideal destination for craft enthusiasts. We encourage you to visit the village of Echizen and experience the profound charm of washi firsthand.
