Cloisonné, known as “shippō-yaki” in Japanese, has captivated people for centuries with its delicate craftsmanship and vibrant designs. This article explores the history of cloisonné, its beauty, and the techniques that have been passed down to modern times.
By delving deeper into the charm of cloisonné, you’ll undoubtedly want to add pieces to your own collection. We’ll also cover specific tips on preserving and caring for cloisonné, making this guide valuable even for those new to collecting artisan crafts.
What is Cloisonné? Its Appeal and History
Cloisonné is a traditional Japanese craft known for its beautiful decorations and unique techniques. Let’s explore the definition, characteristics, and long history of this exquisite art form.
Definition and Characteristics of Cloisonné
Cloisonné refers to the technique of applying glass enamel to a metal surface and firing it at high temperatures. This method creates vivid colors and beautifully transparent patterns.
Key characteristics of cloisonné include:
- Vibrant colors
- Durability
- Unique patterns
The greatest appeal of cloisonné lies in its color brilliance. The glass enamel reflects light, creating a jewel-like radiance. Due to the high-temperature firing process, cloisonné pieces are extremely durable and long-lasting.
Prized as decorative items and crafts since ancient times, each piece is handcrafted by artisans, ensuring that no two patterns are exactly alike. This uniqueness is a defining feature of cloisonné.
History of Cloisonné
The history of cloisonné dates back to ancient times, with origins traced to Egypt and Greece. It was introduced to Japan during the Nara period (710-794 AD).
While currently known as a craft and art form, its uses have varied throughout history. For instance, when cloisonné first arrived in Japan during the Nara period, it was primarily used in Buddhist art.
During the Edo period (1603-1867), cloisonné expanded beyond religious use and gained popularity among common people. It began to be applied to everyday items such as accessories and small containers.
Today, cloisonné is valued not only as a craft but also as a form of art. The allure of cloisonné lies not just in its beauty, but in the high level of skill backed by history and tradition, which has been highly regarded from ancient times to the present day.
Cloisonné Production Methods and Techniques
Cloisonné, renowned as a traditional Japanese craft, is famous for its beauty and unique techniques. Here, we’ll explain in detail the basic production process and representative techniques of cloisonné.
Basic Production Process
The creation of cloisonné involves several important steps. Here’s the basic production process:
1. Base Creation
Metals such as copper or silver are used as the base for cloisonné. The base is cut to the desired shape and polished until smooth.
2. Undercoating
Next, glass enamel is applied to the base. The enamel is a mixture of colored glass powder and water. After applying the enamel, it’s thoroughly dried to ensure it adheres to the base and doesn’t peel off during firing.
3. Firing
After the base dries, it’s fired. The temperature reaches 800-900 degrees Celsius, causing the glass enamel to melt and adhere to the metal. This process, called “firing,” may be repeated several times until the enamel melts uniformly.
4. Overglaze Painting
After firing, additional designs or colors are added through overglaze painting. This can involve techniques such as painting fine patterns on the enamel or using different colored enamels. Overglaze painting adds depth and complex beauty to the piece.
5. Re-firing
After overglaze painting, the piece is fired again. This re-firing sets the additional designs and colors, enhancing the overall quality of the work. This is a crucial step in cloisonné, particularly for pieces with attractive designs, as it determines the final beauty of the work.
6. Finishing
Finally, the surface of the piece is polished. This creates a glossy finish, resulting in a beautiful end product. The polishing process brings out the final luster of the piece, maximizing the unique charm of cloisonné.
Representative Techniques
While the basic method is as described above, there are various techniques in cloisonné, including:
- Yūsen Shippō (Wired Cloisonné)
- Musen Shippō (Wireless Cloisonné)
- Togidashi Shippō (Polished Cloisonné)
- Yōhen Shippō (Kiln-change Cloisonné)
Let’s explore each of these techniques:
Yūsen Shippō (Wired Cloisonné)
Yūsen Shippō involves creating outlines with metal wires and filling them with enamel. The wires act as boundaries, preventing colors from mixing and creating beautiful designs. This technique allows for intricate patterns and complex designs.
Musen Shippō (Wireless Cloisonné)
Unlike Yūsen Shippō, Musen Shippō doesn’t use metal wires to create patterns. Instead, designs are created using only enamel. This technique is characterized by soft color gradations and free-form designs, allowing for more creative expression and unique pieces.
Togidashi Shippō (Polished Cloisonné)
In Togidashi Shippō, enamel is applied to the entire surface, fired, and then polished to reveal the design. Smoothing the surface makes the vivid colors stand out. This technique adds depth and brilliance to the work.
Yōhen Shippō (Kiln-change Cloisonné)
Yōhen Shippō is a technique where unpredictable colors and patterns emerge due to firing temperature and environment. It allows for enjoying the serendipitous results, with no two pieces ever being exactly the same. This technique makes each piece uniquely appealing.
Three Charms of Cloisonné and Introduction to Notable Artists
In addition to its diverse production methods and techniques, cloisonné is renowned for its beautiful colors and unique designs. Here, we’ll delve into the vibrant colors and patterns of cloisonné, as well as introduce some famous cloisonné artists.
Vibrant Colors
The colors in cloisonné are created by glass enamel. Different colors emerge depending on the type of enamel, firing temperature, and duration. Common colors include deep blue, green, and red, each radiating a beautiful luster that adds to its charm.
Complex Patterns
The intricate patterns of cloisonné are another major attraction. These patterns are born from the artisan’s skill and aesthetic sense.
For instance, the Yūsen Shippō technique uses metal wires to create detailed patterns, while Musen Shippō allows for free-form designs. On the other hand, Togidashi Shippō and Yōhen Shippō incorporate elements of chance, resulting in unique patterns.
The varying techniques used by artisans contribute to the changing allure of cloisonné pieces.
The Art of Combination
In cloisonné, the possibilities for combining colors and patterns are endless. For example, pairing vibrant blue with gold lines, or placing delicate flower patterns on a gradient background adds depth and individuality to the work.
The diverse colors and patterns of cloisonné captivate viewers and allow them to feel the artisan’s intentions embedded in each piece. Understanding these elements can help you find the perfect cloisonné piece for yourself.
Four Renowned Cloisonné Artists
The world of cloisonné boasts many famous artists. Their works inherit traditional techniques while showcasing unique creative ingenuity. Here, we introduce some particularly renowned cloisonné artists.
Yasuyuki Namikawa
Yasuyuki Namikawa was a cloisonné master who flourished during the Meiji era. He developed a transparent black enamel known as “Namikawa Black.” His works are highly valued both in Japan and abroad, with many pieces displayed at the Namikawa Yasuyuki Memorial Museum in Kyoto.
Sosuke Namikawa
Sosuke Namikawa, a contemporary of Yasuyuki, was another renowned cloisonné craftsman known for his Musen Shippō technique. His works have won numerous awards for their delicacy and beauty, making him one of the representatives of Japan’s traditional crafts.
Kodenji Hayashi
Kodenji Hayashi was an Owari cloisonné artist known for his works using the Yūsen Shippō technique. His pieces are characterized by vivid colors and intricate designs, beloved by many art enthusiasts.
Hitoshi Awane
Hitoshi Awane is a notable contemporary cloisonné artist. His works are known for their three-dimensional expressions and unique techniques, receiving high acclaim both domestically and internationally.
These artists have pursued the beauty of cloisonné in their respective eras and techniques, leaving behind numerous works. Their pieces are highly valued both in Japan and abroad, establishing cloisonné’s position as a traditional Japanese craft.
Uses and Ways to Enjoy Cloisonné
Cloisonné, with its beauty and diverse expressions, is a traditional craft that can be displayed at home. However, many cloisonné pieces are available as accessories or everyday items. Here, we introduce uses and ways to enjoy cloisonné beyond mere appreciation.
If you’re interested in purchasing cloisonné but unsure how to incorporate it into your life, or if you’re wondering what kind of item to choose, please use this as a reference.
Cloisonné Accessories are Recommended for Non-Display Use
Cloisonné accessories come in various forms such as pendants, earrings, brooches, and rings. With a wide range of colors and designs available, you can choose from simple to elaborate pieces to match your style.
For example, pairing a simple dress with a cloisonné pendant can create an elegant and sophisticated impression. Colorful cloisonné pieces also make excellent gifts for special occasions.
Enjoying Cloisonné as Decorative Interior Items
Cloisonné isn’t limited to wearable accessories; it’s also available in various forms such as vases, plates, clocks, and photo frames. Cloisonné pieces are particularly known for elevating room ambiance compared to other interior items.
For instance, you might choose a simple design cloisonné vase for a modern interior, or a plate with traditional patterns for a Japanese-style room. This way, you can select pieces that complement your room’s atmosphere.
Cloisonné interior items can enhance your room’s ambiance with their beauty and unique designs. You can also enjoy changing them seasonally, allowing you to appreciate them year-round. Choose cloisonné crafts that match your style and room atmosphere.
Preserving and Caring for Cloisonné
To keep your precious cloisonné beautiful for a long time, proper storage methods and care are essential. Here, we’ll explain in detail the points to consider when storing and caring for cloisonné.
If you own cloisonné or are considering purchasing some, please use this as a reference.
Four Key Points for Storing Cloisonné
To preserve cloisonné in beautiful condition, there are several points to keep in mind:
- Avoid direct sunlight
- Manage temperature and humidity
- Avoid impacts
- Prevent dust and dirt accumulation
When exposed to direct sunlight for long periods, cloisonné colors may fade and the enamel may deteriorate. Choose a cool place away from direct sunlight for storage.
Sudden changes in temperature or humidity can cause cracks or deformation in cloisonné. The ideal storage environment is at room temperature (59-77°F or 15-25°C) with 40-60% humidity. Particularly avoid places with high humidity or excessive dryness.
Cloisonné is a delicate craft that can break if subjected to strong impacts. When storing without display, it’s recommended to wrap the piece in cushioning material or soft cloth and keep it in a dedicated box or case.
Dust and dirt accumulation can also diminish the beauty of cloisonné. Regularly wipe gently with a cloth to prevent dust and dirt from adhering.
Three Precautions for Maintenance
When caring for cloisonné to maintain its beauty, keep the following points in mind:
- Regular dusting
- Avoid water washing
- Pre-storage care
It’s important to regularly dust cloisonné with a soft cloth. Gently wipe with a dry or slightly damp cloth to remove surface dust and fingerprints. The key is to handle it carefully without rubbing too hard.
Avoid washing cloisonné with water. This can cause the enamel to peel off or metal parts to rust. Be particularly careful not to get cloisonné accessories or small items wet.
Before storing for an extended period without display, always perform the above-mentioned care. Remove surface dust and dirt, and ensure the piece is completely dry before storage. This helps prevent deterioration during storage.
Conclusion
Cloisonné, with its beauty and diverse techniques, is highly valued by many people and consists of extremely valuable pieces. By understanding the history and tradition of cloisonné introduced in this article, and by practicing proper storage and care, you can enjoy its charm for a long time.
Moreover, as there are many cloisonné pieces that can be easily incorporated into daily life, finding cloisonné items that suit you and enjoying the world of traditional crafts can enrich your everyday life.
