Metal engraving (chokin) is a technique of carving and decorating metal to create beautiful patterns and three-dimensional designs. It is widely used in jewelry, decorative items, and crafts, with delicate expressions created through highly skilled craftsmanship.
However, metal engraving involves various techniques and tools, which might seem difficult for beginners. Therefore, this article will explain in detail the history of metal engraving, basic techniques, tools used, how to create works, and even how to learn.
Table of Contents
What is Metal Engraving
Metal engraving (chokin) is a technique of carving and decorating metal surfaces to create beautiful patterns and three-dimensional designs. It is widely used in creating jewelry, decorative items, and crafts, characterized by delicate designs and high artistic value.
By cutting or hammering metal, various expressions are possible, and each piece is carefully crafted by skilled artisans. Here, we will explain in detail the history and basic techniques of metal engraving.
History and Origins of Metal Engraving
In Japan, metal engraving techniques were introduced from the continent around the 6th century and have developed uniquely over time. They have been used in a wide range of fields including weapons, Buddhist implements, and decorative items, and have been passed down through generations of highly skilled artisans.
Kofun Period to Heian Period: Introduction of Techniques and Application to Weapons and Buddhist Implements
Japanese metal engraving is believed to have been introduced via the Korean Peninsula during the late Kofun period (around the 6th century). Artifacts from that time include crowns, ornaments, and horse trappings, which already featured techniques such as fine line engraving and openwork. During the Heian period, as samurai rose to prominence, metal engraving was applied to sword and armor decorations, and intricate metalwork techniques were also utilized in Buddhist implements.
Muromachi Period to Edo Period: Development from Weapon Decoration to Crafts
During the Muromachi period, the Goto family, who worked as metal engravers for the shogunate, established the prestigious “Iebori” style. In the Edo period, as peaceful times continued, the beauty of swords became more important than their practicality. During this period, as commoner culture flourished, not only samurai but also townspeople began to enjoy metal engraving techniques. In particular, intricate metal engravings were applied to everyday small items such as kiseru pipes and netsuke toggles. The “Katagiri-bori” technique, created by Yokoya Somin, was highly regarded as a technique for expressing the brushwork of ink painting on metal.
Meiji Period Onward: Development as New Crafts
In the Meiji period, due to the influence of the sword abolition edict, the demand for sword fittings drastically decreased, and many metal engravers sought new paths. As a result, their techniques were applied to crafts, furnishings, and accessories, and works incorporating Western designs also increased. In particular, the fusion of Western metalworking techniques with traditional Japanese techniques expanded the variety of decorative items.
Modern Era: Fusion of Tradition and New Technology
Even today, metal engraving techniques are inherited by artisans and utilized in jewelry, art crafts, and Buddhist implements. Regional metal engraving styles, such as “Tokyo Chokin” centered in Tokyo, exist, and collaborations with contemporary designers and artists are increasing. While preserving traditional techniques, Japanese metal engraving culture continues to develop further by incorporating new technologies and designs.
Reference: Tokyo Chokin – Traditional Crafts
Basic Techniques and Characteristics of Metal Engraving
Metal engraving encompasses various techniques, each creating different expressions. The basic techniques are introduced below.
Kebori (Fine Line Engraving)
This technique uses a chisel with a sharp triangular tip to engrave sharp, powerful thin lines. It is suitable for delicate patterns and detailed expressions.
It is the oldest technique among metal engraving methods. Among traditional Japanese metal engraving techniques, it is particularly used for creating intricate decorations.
Tagane-bori (Chisel Engraving)
This technique uses a tool called a tagane, similar to a carving chisel, to engrave patterns on metal surfaces. By adjusting the depth of lines and patterns, powerful designs and delicate decorations can be created.
Uchidashi (Repoussé)
This technique involves hammering metal from the back to create raised forms.
Three-dimensional shapes are created by repeatedly hammering both sides of a metal plate using various chisels (tagane).
Thin metal plates are often used, enabling three-dimensional expressions.
This technique has been utilized in decorating sword fittings and Buddhist implements.
Zogan (Inlay)
This technique creates patterns by inlaying different types of metals. For example, inlaying silver into gold creates vibrant decorations with color contrast. In Japan, it is widely used in sword fittings and crafts.
Sukashibori (Openwork)
This technique creates patterns by cutting out parts of the metal. By cutting out portions of the design, light and delicate decorations are possible. During the Edo period, it was widely used for decorating sword guards (tsuba).
These techniques are not only used independently but can also be combined to create more complex and beautiful decorations. One of the charms of metal engraving is that the finished work varies greatly depending on the artisan’s skill and creativity.
Tools and Materials Needed for Metal Engraving
To start metal engraving, appropriate tools and metal materials are necessary. Basic metal engraving tools include tools for cutting, carving, and hammering metal, and different tools are used for different techniques.
Also, metals used in metal engraving range from soft and easy-to-work-with to durable types, and it’s important to select them according to the desired work. Here, we will explain in detail the basic tools for metal engraving and the metal materials used.
Basic Metal Engraving Tools
Various specialized tools are used in metal engraving to create intricate decorations and complex shapes. Understanding the role of each and using them appropriately allows for the creation of high-quality works.
Tagane (Chisel)
This is a blade used to create patterns and engravings on metal surfaces. It is used in techniques such as kebori, uchidashi, and zogan, and is one of the fundamental tools for metal engraving.
Kanazuchi (Hammer)
This hammer is used to hit the tagane to engrave patterns on metal. There are various sizes, and the finish varies depending on how force is applied.
Yasuri (File)
This tool is used to smooth metal surfaces or shape forms. Files with different levels of coarseness are used according to the purpose, from rough filing to finishing.
Pinsetto (Tweezers)
This tool is used for handling small parts and gems. It is especially essential for stone setting and accurately positioning tiny components.
Ito-noko (Jeweler’s Saw)
This is a saw for cutting metal, suitable for detailed cutout work such as openwork. The accuracy of cutting varies depending on the fineness of the blade.
Rotary Tool (Electric Tool)
This is a rotating tool for efficiently performing metal polishing and engraving. By changing the tip, various processes such as cutting, polishing, and drilling holes are possible.
Burner (Torch)
This tool is used to heat metal for soldering (joining) and annealing (softening) work. Temperature control is important, and appropriate heat levels must be selected according to the material.
Pickling Solution
This is a liquid used to remove oxide films that form after soldering and to keep the metal surface clean. It is used in the finishing process and has the effect of restoring the metal’s shine.
Metals and Materials Used
In metal engraving, it is important to understand the characteristics of the metals used and to select appropriate materials according to the design and purpose. Below is a summary of the characteristics and uses of representative metal materials and other materials.
Gold
A soft and easily workable metal that is resistant to oxidation and has a beautiful luster. It is widely used in high-end jewelry and crafts.
Silver
A soft metal characterized by a beautiful white luster. It is ideal for jewelry and accessories, but it oxidizes and discolors easily, requiring regular maintenance.
Copper
Easy to work with and excellent in conductivity and thermal conductivity. The verdigris created by oxidation creates a unique texture, and it is used in decorative items and crafts.
Brass
An alloy of copper and zinc with a color similar to gold, it is a relatively inexpensive and easy-to-work-with material. It is widely used in accessories and decorative items.
Platinum
A high-end metal with high durability and resistance to discoloration. Although difficult to work with, it is used in high-end jewelry for its rarity and beauty.
Gems and Natural Stones
Used as decorations for rings and necklaces, they add elegance and individuality to designs.
Epoxy Resin
Has transparency and is utilized for colorful designs and decorations. It features lightness and ease of processing.
Pearls and Shells
Used in cameo carvings and accessories, with their natural texture and luster being their charm.
Understanding the characteristics of these materials and selecting them according to the design and purpose of the work enables the achievement of ideal results.
Metal Engraving Production Process
Metal engraving production requires various processes from design determination to finishing. Beautiful jewelry and crafts are created by combining diverse techniques such as the skill of engraving fine patterns and the technique of shaping metal by hammering.
Here, we will explain in detail the flow of metal engraving production and the methods of finishing and polishing.
Flow from Design to Finishing
Metal engraving works are produced through the following process.
Design Determination
First, a sketch of the work is drawn, and patterns and shapes are determined. At the same time, the type of metal to be used and the technique to be applied are selected.
Metal Preparation
The chosen metal is cut to the necessary size, and the surface is smoothed with a file to make it workable.
Metal Engraving Work
Patterns are carved using kebori and tagane-bori, and three-dimensionality is created using uchidashi and zogan techniques.
Joining and Processing
Multiple parts are joined by soldering, and the overall shape is adjusted while maintaining balance.
Finishing and Polishing
The surface is smoothed using files and abrasives, and the final texture, such as mirror finish or matte finish, is adjusted.
By carefully performing these processes, an elaborate metal engraving work is completed.
Finishing and Polishing Techniques
Finishing in metal engraving is an important process to even out the surface of the work and create a beautiful texture and luster. The impression of the work changes significantly depending on the technique used.
Mirror Polishing
This is a process to remove scratches and unevenness from the metal surface and smooth it, a technique to finish the metal surface to a mirror-like glossy state. First, the surface is evened out with a coarse file, then gradually finished using finer and finer sandpaper. Electric tools such as rotary tools may be used for polishing fine areas.
Matte Finish
This technique creates fine unevenness on the metal surface, giving it a subdued texture. The surface is uniformly roughened using sandblasting (a process of blowing sand) or polishing pads. It is suitable for high-quality designs with subdued luster.
Ibushi Finish
This technique turns metal black through chemical reactions, creating an antique-like texture. Sulfur or special ibushi solution is used to oxidize and blacken the surface. It is often used for silver accessories and also utilized as a decorative technique to emphasize patterns.
By using these finishing techniques appropriately, the individuality of the work can be brought out, resulting in a more attractive finish.
Types and Charm of Metal Engraving Works
There are various types of works using metal engraving techniques, including jewelry, crafts, and art pieces. From accessories such as rings and necklaces to crafts with high artistic value, works created through metal engraving techniques have a wide range of appeal.
Also, custom-made metal engraving works have a special one-of-a-kind feel, making them popular as commemorative items and gifts. Here, we will explain in detail what actual items use metal engraving techniques.
Jewelry (Rings, Necklaces, etc.)
Metal engraving techniques produce a variety of works in jewelry making. Metal engraving techniques are mainly used in the following types of jewelry.
- Rings
- Necklaces/Pendants
- Bracelets/Bangles
- Earrings
These jewelry items are popular for expressing unique designs and textures through metal engraving techniques, highlighting the individuality of the wearer.
Metal Engraving as Crafts and Art Works
Metal engraving techniques are utilized in a wide range of crafts and art works beyond jewelry. Below are representative examples with explanations of their characteristics.
Sword Fittings (Tsuba, Kozuka, etc.)
Metal engraving techniques that developed as decorations for Japanese swords are used. Delicate patterns and inlays enhance the beauty and functionality of the sword.
Buddhist Implements and Religious Crafts
Metal engraving techniques are utilized in decorations for Buddha statues and temples, characterized by formal designs. The texture of the metal and intricate carvings create religious solemnity.
Figurines and Sculptural Works
Art works such as sculptures and figurines using metal as a material are created. Three-dimensional works with detailed expressions through metal engraving techniques are produced.
Watch Decorations
Delicate metal engravings on the dials and cases of luxury watches enhance their artistic value. This makes the watch itself have charm as a craft.
These works are valued as unique pieces that incorporate traditional techniques while also fusing with contemporary art expressions.
Summary
Metal engraving is a traditional technique that creates beautiful designs by carving, engraving, and decorating metal.
It is utilized in a wide range of fields including jewelry, crafts, and art works, with delicate craftsmanship being its charm.
Even today, it continues to evolve by incorporating new technologies while preserving tradition. For those who want to learn metal engraving or have become interested in it, it is also recommended to participate in experience workshops or learn through specialized books and online courses.
Please experience the charm of metal engraving, with its long history, with your own hands.
